CHINA UNIFORMLAW NET

[This  English document is coming from the  "LAWS  AND  REGULATIONS  OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF  CHINA   GOVERNING  FOREIGN-RELATED  MATTERS" (1991.7) which  is  compiled  by  the  Brueau  of  Legislative Affairs of the State Council of  the  People's Republic of China, and is published by the China Legal System Publishing House. In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.]

COPYRIGHT LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA [*1]

(Adopted at the 15th Meeting of  the  Standing  Committee  of  the

Seventh National People's Congress on September 7,  1990,  promulgated  by

Order No. 31 of the  President   of  the  People's  Republic  of  China  on

September 7, 1990, and effective as of June 1, 1991)

Contents

Chapter I     General Provisions

Chapter II    Copyright

              Section 1 Copyright Owners and Their Rights

              Section 2 Ownership of Copyright

              Section 3 Term of Protection of Rights

              Section 4 Limitations on Rights

Chapter III   Copyright Licensing Contracts

Chapter IV    Publication, Performance, Sound Recording, Video Recording

              and Broadcasting

              Section 1 Publication of Books, Newspapers and Periodicals

              Section 2 Performance

              Section 3 Sound Recording and Video Recording

              Section 4 Broadcasting by Radio Station or Television

              Station

Chapter V     Legal Liability

Chapter VI    Supplementary Provisions

Chapter I General Provisions

Article 1

This Law is enacted, in accordance with the Constitution for the   purposes

of protecting the copyright of authors in  their  literary,  artistic  and

scientific works  and  rights  and  interests  related  to  copyright,  of

encouraging the creation and dissemination of works which would contribute

to the building of an advanced  socialist  culture  and  ideology  and  to

socialist material development,  and  of  promoting  the  development  and

flourishing of socialist culture and sciences.

Article 2

Works of  Chinese  citizens,  legal  persons  or  entities  without  legal

personality, whether published or not, shall enjoy copyright in accordance

with this Law.  Works of foreigners first published in  the  territory  of

the People's Republic of China shall enjoy copyright  in  accordance  with

this Law.

Any work of a foreigner published outside the territory  of  the  People's

Republic of China which is eligible to enjoy copyright under an  agreement

concluded between the country to which the foreigner belongs and China, or

under an international treaty to which both countries are  parties,  shall

be protected in accordance with this Law.

Article 3

For  the  purpose  of  this  Law,  the  term  "works"  includes  works  of

literature, art, natural science, social science,  engineering  technology

and the like which are created in the following forms:

(1) written works;

(2) oral works;

(3) musical, dramatic, quyi and choreographic works;

(4) Works of fine art and photographic works;

(5) cinematographic, television and video-graphic works;

(6) drawings of engineering designs and product designs, and  descriptions

thereof;

(7) maps, sketches and other graphic works;

(8) computer software;

(9) other works as provided  for   in  law  and  administrative  rules  and

regulations.

Article 4

Works the publication or distribution of which is prohibited by law   shall

not be protected by this law.

Copyright owners, in exercising their copyright,  shall  not  violate  the

Constitution or laws or prejudice the public interests.

Article 5

This law shall not be applicable to:

(1) laws; regulations; resolutions, decisions and orders of state organs;

other documents of legislative, administrative and  judicial  nature;  and

their official translations;

(2) news on current affairs; and

(3) calendars, numerical tables, forms of general use and formulas.

Article 6

Measures for the protection of copyright in works of folk  literature  and

art shall be established separately by the State Council.

Article 7

Where any scientific or technological work is protected under  the  Patent

Law, the Law on Technology Contracts or similar laws,  the  provisions  of

those laws shall apply.

Article 8

The copyright administration department under the State Council  shall  be

responsible for the nationwide administration of copyright. The  copyright

administration department under the people's government of each  province,

autonomous region and municipality directly under the  Central  Government

shall be responsible for the administration of copyright in its respective

administrative area.

    【章名】  Chapter II Copyright

Section 1 Copyright Owners and Their Rights

Article 9

The term "copyright owners" shall include:

(1) authors; and

(2) other citizens, legal persons and entities without  legal  personality

enjoying copyright in accordance with this Law.

Article 10

The term "copyright" shall  include  the  following  personal  rights  and

property rights:

(1) the right of publication, that is, the right to decide whether to make

a work available to the public;

(2) the right of authorship, that is, the right to claim authorship and to

have the author's name indicated on his works;

(3) the right of alternation, that is, the right  to  alter  or  authorize

others to alter one's work;

(4) the right of integrity, that is,  the  right  to  protect  one's  work

against distortion and mutilation;

(5) the right of exploitation and the right to remuneration, that is,   the

right of exploiting one's work  by  means  of  reproduction,   performance,

broadcasting, exhibition distribution, making cinematographic,  television

or video production, adaptation, translation, annotation, compilation  and

the like, and the right of authorizing others to exploit one's work by the

above-mentioned means, and of receiving remuneration therefor.

Section 2 Ownership of Copyright

Article 11

Except where otherwise provided in this Law, the copyright in a work shall

belong to its author.

The author of a work is the citizen who has created the work.

Where a work is created according to the will and  under  the  sponsorship

and the responsibility of a legal or  entity  without  legal  personality,

such legal person or entity without legal personality shall be  deemed  to

be the author of the work.  The citizen, legal person  or  entity  without

legal personality whose name is indicated on a work shall, in the  absence

of proof to the  contrary,  be  deemed  to  be  the  author  of  the  work

Article 12

Where  a  work  is  created  by  adaptation,  translation,   annotation  or

arrangement of a pre-existing work, the copyright in the work thus created

shall be enjoyed by the adaptor, translator or arranger, provided that the

exercise of such copyright  shall  not  prejudice  the  copyright  in  the

original work.

Article 13

Where a work is created jointly by two or more co-authors,  the  copyright

in the work shall be enjoyed jointly by those co-authors. Any  person  who

has not participated in the creation of the work may  not  claim  the  co-

authorship.

If a work of joint authorship can be separated into independent parts  and

exploited separately,  each  co-author  may  be  entitled  to  independent

copyright in the parts that he has created, provided that the exercise   of

such copyright shall not prejudice the copyright in the joint  work  as  a

whole.

Article 14

The copyright in a work created by compilation shall  be  enjoyed  by  the

compiler, provided that the exercise of such copyright shall not prejudice

the copyright in the preexisting works included in the compilation.

The authors of such works included in a compilation as  can  be  exploited

separately shall be entitled to exercise their copyright  in  their  works

independently.

Article 15

The  director,  screenwriter,  lyricist,  composer,  cameraman  and  other

authors of a cinematographic, television or video-graphic work shall enjoy

the right of authorship in the work, while the other  rights  included  in

the copyright shall be enjoyed by the producer of the work.

The authors of screenplay, musical works and other works that are included

in  a  cinematographic,  television  or  video-graphic   work  and  can  be

exploited  separately  shall  be  entitled  to  exercise  their  copyright

independently.

Article 16

A work created by a citizen in the fulfillment of tasks assigned to him by

a legal person or entity without legal personality shall be deemed to be a

work created in the course of employment. The copyright  in  such  a  work

shall, subject to the provisions of the second paragraph of this  Article,

be enjoyed by the author, provided that the legal person or entity without

legal personality shall have a right  of  priority  to  exploit  the  work

within the scope of its professional  activities.  During  the  two  years

after the completion of the work, the author may not, without the   consent

of the legal person or entity without legal personality, authorize a third

party to exploit the work int the same way as the legal person  or  entity

without legal personality does.  The author  of  a  work  created  in  the

course of employment in one of the following circumstances shall enjoy the

right of authorship, while  the  legal  person  or  entity  without  legal

personality shall enjoy the other rights included in the copyright and may

reward the author:

(1) drawings of engineering designs and product designs  and  descriptions

thereof; computer software; maps and other works created in the course   of

employment mainly with the material and technical resources of  the  legal

person or entity without legal personality and under its responsibility;

(2) works created in the course of employment where the copyright  is,  in

accordance with laws, administrative rules and  regulations  or  contracts

concerned,  enjoyed  by  the  legal  person  or   entity    without   legal

personality.

Article 17

The ownership of copyright in a commissioned work shall be agreed upon   in

a contract between the commissioning and the commissioned parties. In  the

absence of a contract or of an explicit agreement  in  the  contract,  the

copyright in such a work shall belong to the commissioned party.

Article 18

The transfer of ownership of the original copy of a work of fine  art,  or

other works, shall not be deemed to include the transfer of the  copyright

in such work, provided that the right to exhibit the original  copy  of  a

work of fine art shall be enjoyed by the owner of such original copy.

Article 19

Where the copyright  in   a  work  belongs  to  a  citizen,  the  right  of

exploitation and the right to remuneration in respect of the  work  shall,

after his death, during the term of protection provided for in  this  Law,

be transferred in accordance with the provisions of the Law of Succession.

Where the copyright in a work belongs to a legal person or entity   without

legal personality, the right of exploitation and the right to remuneration

shall, after the change or the termination of the legal person  or  entity

without legal personality, during the term of protection provided  for  in

this Law, be enjoyed by the succeeding  legal  person  or  entity  without

legal  personality  which  has  taken  over  the   former's    rights   and

obligations, or, in the absence of such a successor entity, by the state.

Section 3 Term of Protection of Rights

Article 20

The term of protection  of   the  rights  of  authorship,  alteration,  and

integrity of an author shall be unlimited.

Article 21

The term  of  protection  of  the  right  of  publication,   the  right  of

exploitation and the right to remuneration in  respect  of  a  work  of  a

citizen shall be the life time of the author and  fifty  years  after  his

death, expiring on December 31 of the fiftieth year after  his  death.  In

the case of a work of joint authorship, such term shall expire on December

31 of the fiftieth year after the death of the last surviving author.  The

term of protection of the right of publication, the right of  exploitation

and the right to remuneration in respect of a  work  where  the  copyright

belongs to a legal person or  entity  without  legal  personality,   or  in

respect of a work created in the course  of  employment  where  the  legal

person or entity without legal personality enjoys  the  copyright  (except

the right of authorship), shall be fifty years, expiring on December 31 of

the fiftieth year after the first publication of such work, provided  that

any such work that has not been published within  fifty  years  after  the

completion of its creation shall no longer be protected under this Law.

The term  of  protection  of  the  right  of  publication,   the  right  of

exploitation  and  the   right    to   remuneration   in    respect   of   a

cinematographic, television, video-graphic or photographic work  shall  be

fifty years, expiring on December 31 of the fiftieth year after the   first

publication of such work, provided that any such work that  has  not  been

published within fifty years after the completion of its creation shall no

longer be protected under this Law.

Section 4 Limitations on Rights

Article 22

In the following cases, a work may be used without  permission  from,  and

without payment of remuneration to, the copyright owner, provided that the

name of the author and the title of the work shall be  indicated  and  the

other rights enjoyed by the copyright owner by virtue of  this  Law  shall

not be prejudiced:

(1) use of a published work of others for the user's  own  private  study,

research or self entertainment;

(2) appropriate quotation from a published work of others  in  one's  work

for  the  purposes  of  introduction  to,  or  comment  on,  a  work,   or

demonstration of a point;

(3) use of a published work in newspapers, periodicals, radio  programmes,

television programmes or newsreels for the purpose  of  reporting  current

affairs;

(4) reprinting by newspapers or periodicals, or  rebroadcasting  by  radio

stations or television stations, of editorials or  commentator's  articles

published by other newspapers, periodicals, radio stations  or  television

stations;

(5) publication in newspapers or periodicals,  or  broadcasting   by  radio

stations or television  stations,  of  a  speech  delivered  at  a  public

gathering, except where the author has declared that  the  publication  or

broadcasting is not permitted;

(6) translation or reproduction in  a  small  quantity  of  copies,  of  a

published work for use by teachers or scientific researchers, in classroom

teaching  or  scientific  research,  provided  that  the  translation    or

reproduction shall not be published or distributed;

(7) use of a published work by a state organ for the purpose of performing

its official duties;

(8) reproduction of a work in its collections by a  library,  an  archives

center,  a  memorial  hall,  a  museum,  an  art  gallery  or  a   similar

institution, for the purposes of display, or preservation of  a  copy,  of

the work;

(9) free performance of a published work;

(10) copying, drawing, photographing, or video recording  of  an  artistic

work located or on display in an outdoor public place;

(11) translation of  a  published  work  from  the  language  of  the  Han

nationality  into  minority  nationality  languages  for  publication  and

distribution in the country;

(12) transliteration of a published work into Braille and   publication  of

the work so transliterated.

The above limitations on rights shall be applicable also to the rights  of

publishers,  performers,   producers  of   sound    recordings   and   video

recordings, radio stations and television stations.

    【章名】  Chapter III Copyright Licensing Contracts

Article 23

Anyone who exploits a work  created  by  others  shall,  except  where  no

permission is required in accordance with  the  provisions  of  this  Law,

conclude a  contract  with,  or  otherwise  obtain  permission  from,  the

copyright owner.

Article 24

A contract shall include the following basic clauses:

(1) the manner of exploitation of the work covered by the license;

(2) the exclusive or nonexclusive nature of the right to exploit the  work

covered by the license;

(3) the scope and term of the license;

(4) the amount of remuneration and the method of its payment;

(5) the liability for breach of contract; and

(6) any other matter which the contracting parties consider necessary.

Article 25

Without permission from the  copyright  owner,  the  other  party  to  the

contract shall not exercise the right which the copyright  owner  has  not

explicitly licensed in the contract.

Article 26

The term of validity of  a   contract  shall  not  exceed  ten  years.  The

contract may be renewed on expiration of that term.

Article 27

The tariffs of  remuneration   for  the  exploitation   of  works  shall  be

established by the copyright administration  department  under  the  State

Council jointly with other departments concerned.

Where otherwise agreed to in a  contract,  remuneration   may  be  paid  in

accordance with the terms of the said contract.

Article 28

Publishers,  performers,   producers  of   sound    recordings   and   video

recordings, radio stations, television stations and other entities who   or

which have, pursuant to this  Law,  obtained  the  right  of  exploitation

included in the copyright of others, shall  not  prejudice  such  authors'

rights  of  authorship,  alteration,  integrity   and    their   right   to

remuneration.

    【章名】  Chapter IV Publication, Performance, Sound Recording, Video Recor- ding and Broadcasting

Section 1 Publication of Books, Newspapers and Periodicals

Article 29

A book publisher who publishes a book shall conclude a publishing contract

with, and pay remuneration to, the copyright owner.

Article 30

A book publisher shall, during the term of the contract, have an exclusive

right to publish  the  work  delivered  to  him  for  publication  by  the

copyright owner. The term of the exclusive  right  to  publish  the  work,

enjoyed by the book publisher as specified  in  the  contract,  shall  not

exceed ten years. The contract may be renewed on expiration of that term.

The exclusive right to publish a work enjoyed by the book publisher shall,

during the term specified in the contract, be protected by  law,  and  the

work may not be published by others.

Article 31

The copyright owner shall deliver the work to  the  publisher  within  the

time limit specified in the contract. The book publisher shall publish the

work according to the quality  requirements  and  within  the  time  limit

specified in the contract.   The  book  publisher  shall  bear  the  civil

liability in accordance with the provisions of Article 47 of this   Law  if

he fails to publish the work  within  the  time  limit  specified  in  the

contract.

The book publisher shall notify, and pay remuneration  to,  the  copyright

owner when the work is  to   be  reprinted  or  republished.  If  the  book

publisher refuses to reprint or republish the work when the stocks of  the

book are exhausted, the copyright owner shall have the right to   terminate

the contract.

Article 32

Where a copyright owner has submitted the manuscript  of  his  work  to  a

newspaper or a periodical publisher for publication and has  not  received

any notification of the said publisher's decision  to  publish  the  work,

within fifteen days from the newspaper publisher  or  within  thirty  days

from  the  periodical  publisher  from  the  date  of  submission  of  the

manuscript, the copyright owner may submit the manuscript of the same work

to another newspaper or periodical publisher for  publication  unless  the

two parties have agreed otherwise.

After a work is published in a newspaper or a periodical, other  newspaper

or periodical publisher may, except where the copyright owner has declared

that reprinting or excerpting is not permitted, reprint the work or  print

an abstract of it or print  it   as  reference  material,  but  such  other

publishers shall pay remuneration to the copyright owner as prescribed   in

regulations.

Article 33

A book publisher may alter or abridge a work with the  permission  of  the

copyright owner.  A newspaper publisher or periodical publisher  may  make

editorial modifications and abridgments in a work, but shall not make   any

modifications in the content  of   the  work  unless  permission  has  been

obtained from the author.

Article 34

When publishing a work created  by  adaptation,  translation,  annotation,

arrangement or compilation of a pre-existing work, the publisher shall pay

remuneration both to the owner of the copyright in  the  work  created  by

adaptation, translation, annotation, arrangement or  compilation,  and  to

the owner of the copyright in the original work.

Section 2 Performance

Article 35

A performer (an individual performer or a performing  troupe)  who  for  a

performance exploits an unpublished work created by  others  shall  obtain

permission from, and pay remuneration to, the copyright owner.

A performer who for a commercial performance  exploits  a  published  work

created by others does not need permission from, but shall, as  prescribed

by regulations, pay remuneration to the copyright owner; such  work  shall

not be  exploited  where  the  copyright  owner  has  declared  that  such

exploitation is not permitted.

A performer who for a commercial performance exploits a  work  created  by

adaptation, translation, annotation or arrangement of a pre-existing   work

shall pay remuneration both to the owner of  the  copyright  in  the  work

created by adaptation, translation, annotation or arrangement and   to  the

owner of the copyright in the original work. Where a performer performs   a

work created by others for the purpose of  producing  a  sound  recording,

video recording, radio programme or television programme,  the  provisions

of Article 37 and 40 of this Law shall apply.

Article 36

A performer shall, in relation to his performance, enjoy the right:

(1) to claim performership;

(2) to protect the image inherent in his performance from distortion;

(3) to authorize others to make live broadcasts; and

(4) to authorize others to make sound recordings and video recordings   for

commercial purposes, and to receive remuneration therefor.

Section 3 Sound Recording and Video Recording

Article 37

A producer of  sound  recordings  who,  for  the  production  of  a  sound

recording, exploits an unpublished work created  by  others  shall  obtain

permission from, and pay remuneration to, the copyright owner. A  producer

of sound recordings who, for the production of a sound recording, exploits

a published work created by others, does not  need  permission  from,  but

shall, as prescribed by regulations, pay remuneration  to,  the  copyright

owner; such work shall not be exploited  where  the  copyright  owner  has

declared that such exploitation is not permitted.

A producer of  video  recordings  who,  for  the  production  of  a  video

recording, exploits a work created by others shall obtain permission from,

and pay remuneration to, the copyright owner.

A producer of sound recordings or video recordings  who  exploits  a  work

created by adaptation, translation, annotation or arrangement  of  a  pre-

existing work shall pay remuneration both to the owner of the copyright in

the work created by adaptation, translation,  annotation  or  arrangement,

and to the owner of the copyright in the original work.

Article 38

When producing a sound recording or video recording,  the  producer  shall

conclude a contract with, and pay remuneration to, the performer.

Article 39

A producer of sound recordings or video recordings shall have the right to

authorize others to reproduce and distribute his sound recordings or video

recordings and the right to receive remuneration  therefor.  The  term  of

protection of such rights shall be fifty years, expiring on December 31 of

the fiftieth year  after  the  first  publication  of  the  recordings.   A

producer of sound recordings or video  recordings  who  is  authorized  to

reproduce and distribute a sound recording or video recording  created  by

others shall also pay remuneration to  the  copyright  owner  and  to  the

performer as prescribed by regulations.

Section 4 Broadcasting by Radio Station or Television Station

Article 40

A radio station or television station which exploits, for  the  production

of a radio or television programme, an unpublished work created by others,

shall obtain permission from,  and  pay  remuneration  to,  the  copyright

owner.

A radio station or television station which exploits, for  the  production

of a radio or television programme, a published  work  created  by  others

does not need permission from the copyright owner, but such a  work  shall

not be  exploited  where  the  copyright  owner  has  declared  that  such

exploitation is not permitted. In addition, remuneration shall be paid   as

prescribed by regulations unless this Law provides  that  no  remuneration

needs to be paid.

A radio station or television station which exploits, for  the  production

of a  radio  or  television  programme,  a  work  created  by  adaptation,

translation, annotation, or arrangement of a pre-existing work, shall   pay

remuneration both to the owner of the copyright in  the  work  created  by

adaptation, translation, annotation or arrangement and to the owner of the

copyright in the original work.

Article 41

When producing a radio or  television  programme,  the  radio  station  or

television station shall conclude a contract with,  and  pay  remuneration

to, the performer.

Article 42

A radio station or television station shall, in  respect  of  a  programme

produced by it, enjoy the right:

(1) to broadcast the programme;

(2) to authorize  others  to  broadcast  the  programme,  and  to  receive

remuneration therefor; and

(3)  to  authorize  others  to  reproduce  and  distribute  the  radio  or

television programme, and to receive remuneration therefor.

The term of protection of the rights specified in the preceding  paragraph

shall be fifty years, expiring on December 31 of the fiftieth  year  after

the first broadcasting of the programme.

A producer of sound recordings or video recordings who  is  authorized  to

reproduce and distribute a radio or television programme  shall  also  pay

remuneration to the copyright owner and the  performer  as  prescribed  by

regulations.

Article 43

A radio station or television station  may  broadcast,  for  noncommercial

purposes, a published sound recording without seeking permission from,   or

paying remuneration to, the copyright owner, performer and producer of the

sound recording.

Article 44

A television station which broadcasts  a  cinematographic,   television  or

video-graphic work produced by others shall obtain  permission  from,  and

pay remuneration to, the producer of the  cinematographic,  television  or

video-graphic work.

    【章名】  Chapter V Legal Liability

Article 45

Anyone who commits any of the following acts of  infringement  shall  bear

civil  liability  for  such  remedies  as  ceasing  the  infringing   act,

eliminating  its  ill  effects,  making  a  public   apology    or   paying

compensation or damages, etc., depending on the circumstances:

(1) publishing a work without the permission of the copyright owner;

(2) publishing a work of joint authorship as  a  work  created  solely  by

oneself without the permission of the other co-authors;

(3) having one's name indicated on a work created by others, in  order  to

seek personal fame and  gain,   where  one  has  not  participated   in  the

creation of the work;

(4) distorting or mutilating a work created by others;

(5)  exploiting  a  work   by   performance,    broadcasting,   exhibition,

distribution, making cinematographic,  television  or  video  productions,

adaptation, translation, annotation, and compilation, or by  other  means,

without the permission of the copyright owner, unless  otherwise  provided

in this Law;

(6) exploiting a work created by others  without  paying  remuneration  as

prescribed by regulations;

(7)  broadcasting   a  live  performance  without  the  permission  of  the

performer; or (8) committing other acts of infringement of  copyright  and

of other rights and interests related to copyright.

Article 46

Anyone who commits any of the following acts of  infringement  shall  bear

civil  liability  for  such  remedies  as  ceasing  the  infringing   act,

eliminating  its  ill  effects,  making  a  public   apology    or   paying

compensation for damages, etc., depending on the circumstances,  and  may,

in addition, be subjected by the copyright  administration  department  to

such administrative penalties as confiscation of unlawful income from  the

act, or imposition of a fine:

(1) plagiarizing a work created by others;

(2) reproducing and distributing a work, for commercial purposes,  without

the permission of the copyright owner;

(3) publishing a book where the exclusive right of publication belongs   to

another publisher;

(4) producing and publishing a sound recording or  video  recording  of  a

performance without the permission of the performer;

(5) reproducing and distributing a  sound  recording  or  video  recording

produced by others without the permission of its producer;

(6) reproducing and distributing a radio programme or television programme

without the permission of the radio station or  television  station  which

has produced that programme; or

(7) producing or selling a work of fine art where  the  signature  of  the

author is forged.

Article 47

A party who fails to perform his contractual obligations, or performs them

in a manner which is not in conformity with the agreed  terms  shall  bear

civil liability in accordance with the relevant provisions of the  General

Principles of the Civil Law.

Article 48

A dispute over copyright infringement may  be  settled  by  mediation.  If

mediation is unsuccessful, or if one of  the  parties  retracts  from  his

promise after  a  mediation  agreement  is  reached,  proceedings  may  be

instituted in a people's court. Proceedings may also  instituted  directly

in a people's court if the parties do not wish to settle  the  dispute  by

mediation.

Article 49

A dispute over a copyright contract may be settled by  mediation.  It  may

also, in accordance with the arbitration clause of contract, or a   written

arbitration agreement concluded after the contract  has  been  signed,  be

submitted to a copyright arbitration body for arbitration.

The parties shall implement the arbitration award. If one of  the  parties

fails to implement the award, the other party  may  apply  to  a  people's

court for execution.  If the people's court which has  been  requested  to

execute an arbitration award finds that the arbitration award is   contrary

to law, it shall have the right to refuse the execution.

Where the people's court refuses to  execute  an  arbitration  award,  the

parties may institute proceedings in  a  people's  court  for  contractual

dispute.

Where no arbitration clause is stipulated in the contract and   no  written

arbitration agreement is concluded after the contract has been signed, any

party may institute proceedings directly in a people's court.

Article 50

Any party  who  is  not  satisfied  with  an  administrative   penalty  may

institute proceedings in a people's court within three months from receipt

of the written decision  of   the  administrative  penalty.  If  the  party

neither institutes proceedings nor executes the decision within  the  time

limit, the copyright administration department may  apply  to  a  people's

court for execution.

Chapter VI Supplementary Provisions

Article 51

For the purpose of this Law, the term "zhuzuoquan"  (author's  rights)  is

synonymous with the term "banquan" (copyright).

Article 52

The term "reproduction" as used in this Law means the act of producing one

or  more  copies  of  a   work    by   printing,   photocopying,    copying,

lithographing, making a sound recording or video recording, duplicating   a

recording, or duplicating a photographic work or by other means.

The  term  "reproduction"  as  used  in  this  Law  does  not  cover   the

construction or  manufacture  of  industrial  products  on  the  basis  of

drawings of engineering designs  and  product  designs,  and  descriptions

thereof.

Article 53

Measures for the protection of  computer  software  shall  be  established

separately by the State Council.

Article 54

The implementing regulations  of   this  Law  shall  be  drawn  up  by  the

copyright administration department under  the  State  Council  and  shall

enter into force after approval by the State Council.

Article 55

The rights of copyright owners, publishers, performers, producers of sound

recordings and video recordings, radio stations and television stations as

provided for in this Law shall, if their term of protection  as  specified

in this Law has not yet expired on the date of entry into  force  of  this

Law, be protected in accordance with this Law.  Any act of infringement or

breach of contract committed prior to the entry into  force  of  this  Law

shall be dealt  with  in  accordance  with  the  relevant  regulations  or

policies in force at the time when such act was committed.

Article 56

This Law shall enter into force as of June 1, 1991.

Note:

[*1] This English version is the preliminary English translation  provided

by the Legislative Affairs Commission of the  Standing  Committee  of  the

National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China. It shall   be

republished after being further revised and finalized by  the  Legislative

Affairs Commission of the Standing  Committee  of  the  National  People's

Congress of the People's Republic of China. - The Editor